a)
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No
business, other than the election of the chairman or the adjournment of
the meeting, will be transacted at an annual or special meeting unless a
quorum of shareholders, entitled to attend and vote, is present at the
commencement of the meeting, but the quorum need not be present throughout
the meeting.
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b)
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Except
as otherwise provided in these Bylaws, a quorum is two persons present and
being, or representing by proxy, shareholders of the
Corporation.
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c)
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If
within half an hour from the time appointed for an annual or special
meeting a quorum is not present, the meeting shall stand adjourned to a
day, time and place as determined by the chairman of the
meeting.
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a)
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Each
shareholder entitled to vote at an annual or special meeting may do so
either in person or by proxy. A form of proxy must be in
writing under the hand of the appointor or of his or her attorney duly
authorized in writing, or, if the appointor is a corporation, either under
the seal of the corporation or under the hand of a duly authorized officer
or attorney. A proxyholder need not be a shareholder of the
Corporation.
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b)
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A
form of proxy and the power of attorney or other authority, if any, under
which it is signed or a facsimiled copy thereof must be deposited at the
registered office of the Corporation or at such other place as is
specified for that purpose in the notice convening the
meeting. In addition to any other method of depositing proxies
provided for in these Bylaws, the Directors may from time to time by
resolution make regulations relating to the depositing of proxies at a
place or places and fixing the time or times for depositing the proxies
not exceeding 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays and holidays)
preceding the meeting or adjourned meeting specified in the notice calling
a meeting of shareholders.
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a)
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The
first Board of Directors of the Corporation, and all subsequent Boards of
the Corporation, shall consist of not less than one (1) and not more than
nine (9) directors. The number of Directors may be fixed and
changed from time to time by ordinary resolution of the shareholders of
the Corporation.
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b)
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The
first Board of Directors shall hold office until the first annual meeting
of shareholders and until their successors have been duly elected and
qualified or until there is a decrease in the number of
directors. Thereinafter, Directors will be elected at the
annual meeting of shareholders and shall hold office until the annual
meeting of the shareholders next succeeding his or her election, or until
his or her prior death, resignation or removal. Any Director
may resign at any time upon written notice of such resignation to the
Corporation.
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d)
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Between
successive annual meetings, the Directors have the power to appoint one or
more additional Directors but not more than 1/2 of the number of Directors
fixed at the last shareholder meeting at which Directors were
elected. A Director so appointed holds office only until the
next following annual meeting of the Corporation, but is eligible for
election at that meeting. So long as he or she is an additional
Director, the number of Directors will be increased
accordingly.
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e)
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A
Director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Corporation
as qualification for his or her
office.
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a)
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The
Board of Directors shall be responsible for the control and management of
the business and affairs, property and interests of the Corporation, and
may exercise all powers of the Corporation, except for those powers
conferred upon or reserved for the shareholders or any other persons as
required under Nevada state law, the Corporation's Articles of
Incorporation or by these Bylaws.
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b)
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The
remuneration of the Directors may from time to time be determined by the
Directors or, if the Directors decide, by the
shareholders.
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a)
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The
President of the Corporation shall preside as chairman at every meeting of
the Directors, or if the President is not present or is willing to act as
chairman, the Directors present shall choose one of their number to be
chairman of the meeting.
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b)
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The
Directors may meet together for the dispatch of business, and adjourn and
otherwise regulate their meetings as they think fit. Questions
arising at a meeting must be decided by a majority of votes. In
case of an equality of votes the chairman does not have a second or
casting vote. Meetings of the Board held at regular intervals
may be held at the place and time upon the notice (if any) as the Board
may by resolution from time to time
determine.
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c)
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A
Director may participate in a meeting of the Board or of a committee of
the Directors using conference telephones or other communications
facilities by which all Directors participating in the meeting can hear
each other and provided that all such Directors agree to such
participation. A Director participating in a meeting in
accordance with this Bylaw is deemed to be present at the meeting and to
have so agreed. Such Director will be counted in the quorum and
entitled to speak and vote at the
meeting.
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d)
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A
Director may, and the Secretary on request of a Director shall, call a
meeting of the Board. Reasonable notice of the meeting specifying the
place, day and hour of the meeting must be given by mail, postage prepaid,
addressed to each of the Directors and alternate Directors at his or her
address as it appears on the books of the Corporation or by leaving it at
his or her usual business or residential address or by telephone,
facsimile or other method of transmitting legibly recorded
messages. It is not necessary to give notice of a meeting of
Directors to a Director immediately following a shareholder meeting at
which the Director has been elected, or is the meeting of Directors at
which the Director is appointed.
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e)
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A
Director of the Corporation may file with the Secretary a document
executed by him waiving notice of a past, present or future meeting or
meetings of the Directors being, or required to have been, sent to him and
may at any time withdraw the waiver with respect to meetings held
thereafter. After filing such waiver with respect to future
meetings and until the waiver is withdrawn no notice of a meeting of
Directors need be given to the Director. All meetings of the
Directors so held will be deemed not to be improperly called or
constituted by reason of notice not having been given to the
Director.
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f)
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The
quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the Directors may
be fixed by the Directors and if not so fixed is a majority of the
Directors or, if the number of Directors is fixed at one, is one
Director.
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g)
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The
continuing Directors may act notwithstanding a vacancy in their body but,
if and so long as their number is reduced below the number fixed pursuant
to these Bylaws as the necessary quorum of Directors, the continuing
Directors may act for the purpose of increasing the number of Directors to
that number, or of summoning a shareholder meeting of the Corporation, but
for no other purpose.
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h)
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All
acts done by a meeting of the Directors, a committee of Directors, or a
person acting as a Director, will, notwithstanding that it be afterwards
discovered that there was some defect in the qualification, election or
appointment of the Directors, shareholders of the committee or person
acting as a Director, or that any of them were disqualified, be as valid
as if the person had been duly elected or appointed and was qualified to
be a Director.
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i)
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A
resolution consented to in writing, whether by facsimile or other method
of transmitting legibly recorded messages, by all of the Directors is as
valid as if it had been passed at a meeting of the Directors duly called
and held. A resolution may be in two or more counterparts which
together are deemed to constitute one resolution in writing. A
resolution must be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the
directors and is effective on the date stated on it or on the latest date
stated on a counterpart.
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j)
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All
Directors of the Corporation shall have equal voting
power.
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a)
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The
Directors may from time to time by resolution designate from among its
members one or more committees, and alternate members thereof, as they
deem desirable, each consisting of one or more members, with such powers
and authority (to the extent permitted by law and these Bylaws) as may be
provided in such resolution. Unless the Articles of
Incorporation or Bylaws state otherwise, the Board of Directors may
appoint natural persons who are not Directors to serve on such committees
authorized herein. Each such committee shall serve at the
pleasure of the Board of Directors and unless otherwise stated by law, the
Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation or these Bylaws, shall be
governed by the rules and regulations stated herein regarding the Board of
Directors.
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b)
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Each
Committee shall keep regular minutes of its transactions, shall cause them
to be recorded in the books kept for that purpose, and shall report them
to the Board at such times as the Board may from time to time
require. The Board has the power at any time to revoke or
override the authority given to or acts done by any
Committee.
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a)
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The
Corporation's officers shall have such titles and duties as shall be
stated in these Bylaws or in a resolution of the Board of Directors which
is not inconsistent with these Bylaws. The officers of the
Corporation shall consist of a president, secretary, treasurer, and also
may have one or more vice presidents, assistant secretaries and assistant
treasurers and such other officers as the Board of Directors may from time
to time deem advisable. Any officer may hold two or more
offices in the Corporation, and may or may not also act as a
Director.
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b)
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The
officers of the Corporation shall be elected by the Board of Directors at
the regular annual meeting of the Board following the annual meeting of
shareholders.
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c)
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Each
officer shall hold office until the annual meeting of the Board of
Directors next succeeding his or her election, and until his or her
successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, subject to earlier
termination by his or her death, resignation or
removal.
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a)
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The
shares of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates or shall be
uncertificated shares.
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b)
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Certificated
shares of the Corporation shall be signed, either manually or by
facsimile, by officers or agents designated by the Corporation for such
purposes, and shall certify the number of shares owned by the shareholder
in the Corporation. Whenever any certificate is countersigned
or otherwise authenticated by a transfer agent or transfer clerk, and by a
registrar, then a facsimile of the signatures of the officers or agents,
the transfer agent or transfer clerk or the registrar of the Corporation
may be printed or lithographed upon the certificate in lieu of the actual
signatures.
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If
the Corporation uses facsimile signatures of its officers and agents on
its stock certificates, it cannot act as registrar of its own stock, but
its transfer agent and registrar may be identical if the institution
acting in those dual capacities countersigns or otherwise authenticates
any stock certificates in both capacities. If any officer who
has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon such
certificate, shall have ceased to be such officer before such certificate
is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if
he were such officer at the date of its
issue.
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c)
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If
the Corporation issued uncertificated shares as provided for in these
Bylaws, within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of such
uncertificated shares, and at least annually thereafter, the Corporation
shall send the shareholder a written statement certifying the number of
shares owned by such shareholder in the
Corporation.
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d)
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Except
as otherwise provided by law, the rights and obligations of the holders of
uncertificated shares and the rights and obligations of the holders of
certificates representing shares of the same class and series shall be
identical.
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e)
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If
a share certificate:
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(i)
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is
worn out or defaced, the Directors shall, upon production to them of the
certificate and upon such other terms, if any, as they may think fit,
order the certificate to be cancelled and issue a new
certificate;
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(ii)
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is
lost, stolen or destroyed, then upon proof being given to the satisfaction
of the Directors and upon and indemnity, if any being given, as the
Directors think adequate, the Directors shall issue a new certificate;
or
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(iii)
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represents
more than one share and the registered owner surrenders it to the
Corporation with a written request that the Corporation issue in his or
her name two or more certificates, each representing a specified number of
shares and in the aggregate representing the same number of shares as the
certificate so surrendered, the Corporation shall cancel the certificate
so surrendered and issue new certificates in accordance with such
request.
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a)
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Transfers
or registration of transfers of shares of the Corporation shall be made on
the stock transfer books of the Corporation by the registered holder
thereof, or by his or her attorney duly authorized by a written power of
attorney; and in the case of shares represented by certificates, only
after the surrender to the Corporation of the certificates representing
such shares with such shares properly endorsed, with such evidence of the
authenticity of such endorsement, transfer, authorization and other
matters as the Corporation may reasonably require, and the payment of all
stock transfer taxes due thereon.
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b)
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The
Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any share
or shares as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes and, accordingly,
shall not be bound to recognize any legal, equitable or other claim to, or
interest in, such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether
or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise
expressly provided by law.
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a)
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The
Directors may fix in advance a date, which must not be more than 60 days
permitted by the preceding the date of a meeting of shareholders or a
class of shareholders, or of the payment of a dividend or of the proposed
taking of any other proper action requiring the determination of
shareholders as the record date for the determination of the shareholders
entitled to notice of, or to attend and vote at, a meeting and an
adjournment of the meeting, or entitled to receive payment of a dividend
or for any other proper purpose and, in such case, notwithstanding
anything in these Bylaws, only shareholders of records on the date so
fixed will be deemed to be the shareholders for the purposes of this
Bylaw.
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b)
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Where
no record date is so fixed for the determination of shareholders as
provided in the preceding Bylaw, the date on which the notice is mailed or
on which the resolution declaring the dividend is adopted, as the case may
be, is the record date for such
determination.
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a)
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Dividends
may be declared and paid out of any funds available therefor, as often, in
such amounts, and at such time or times as the Board of Directors may
determine and shares may be issued pro rata and without consideration to
the Corporation's shareholders or to the shareholders of one or more
classes or series.
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b)
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Shares
of one class or series may not be issued as a share dividend to
shareholders of another class or series unless such issuance is in
accordance with the Articles of Incorporation
and:
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(i)
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a
majority of the current shareholders of the class or series to be issued
approve the issue; or
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(ii)
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there
are no outstanding shares of the class or series of shares that are
authorized to be issued as a
dividend.
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(i)
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borrow
money in such manner and amount, on such security, from such sources and
upon such terms and conditions as they think
fit,
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(ii)
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issue
bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as
security for liability or obligation of the Corporation or another person,
and
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(iii)
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mortgage,
charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, and give other
security on the undertaking, or on the whole or a part of the property and
assets of the Corporation (both present and
future).
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(i)
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a
contract or transaction relating to a loan to the Corporation, which a
Director or a specified corporation or a specified firm in which he has an
interest has guaranteed or joined in guaranteeing the repayment of the
loan or part of the loan;
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(ii)
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a
contract or transaction made or to be made with or for the benefit of a
holding corporation or a subsidiary corporation of which a Director is a
director or officer;
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(iii)
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a
contract by a Director to subscribe for or underwrite shares or debentures
to be issued by the Corporation or a subsidiary of the Corporation, or a
contract, arrangement or transaction in which a Director is directly or
indirectly interested if all the other Directors are also directly or
indirectly interested in the contract, arrangement or
transaction;
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(iv)
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determining
the remuneration of the Directors;
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(v)
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purchasing
and maintaining insurance to cover Directors against liability incurred by
them as Directors; or
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(vi)
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the
indemnification of a Director by the
Corporation.
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