11. STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIENCY

AUTHORIZED CAPITAL

The Company is authorized to issue 500,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, and 40,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value. The holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to one vote per share. The preferred stock is designated as follows: 20,000,000 shares to Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; 10,000 shares to Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; 250,000 shares to Series C Convertible Preferred Stock; 13,000 shares to Series D Convertible Preferred Stock; and 19,727,000 shares undesignated.

Effective August 29, 2017, pursuant to authority granted by the stockholders of the Company, the Company implemented a 1-for-50 reverse split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock (the “Reverse Split”). The number of authorized shares remains unchanged. All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Split for all periods presented, unless otherwise indicated.

OMNIBUS INCENTIVE PLANS

On November 30, 2012, the Board of the Company, as well as a majority of the Company’s shareholders, approved the Company’s 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”), which enables the Company to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, phantom stock and dividend equivalent rights to associates, directors, consultants, and advisors of the Company and its affiliates, and to improve the ability of the Company to attract, retain, and motivate individuals upon whom the Company’s sustained growth and financial success depend, by providing such persons with an opportunity to acquire or increase their proprietary interest in the Company. Stock options granted under the 2012 Plan may be Non-Qualified Stock Options or Incentive Stock Options, within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, except that stock options granted to outside directors and any consultants or advisers providing services to the Company or an affiliate shall in all cases be Non-Qualified Stock Options. The 2012 Plan is to be administered by the Board, which shall have discretion over the awards and grants thereunder. The aggregate maximum number of shares of Common Stock for which stock options or awards may be granted pursuant to the 2012 Plan is 5,000,000, adjusted as provided in Section 11 of the 2012 Plan. The 2012 Plan expired on December 1, 2014. As of December 31 2017 and 2016, 12,000 and 66,400 stock options had been issued and are outstanding to employees and consultants, respectively.

On January 11, 2013, the Board of the Company approved the Company’s 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”), which enables the Company to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, phantom stock and dividend equivalent rights to associates, directors, consultants, and advisors of the Company and its affiliates, and to improve the ability of the Company to attract, retain, and motivate individuals upon whom the Company’s sustained growth and financial success depend, by providing such persons with an opportunity to acquire or increase their proprietary interest in the Company. Stock options granted under the 2013 Plan may be non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options, within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, except that stock options granted to outside directors and any consultants or advisers providing services to the Company or an affiliate shall in all cases be non-qualified stock options. The 2013 Plan is to be administered by the Board, which shall have discretion over the awards and grants thereunder. The aggregate maximum number of shares of common stock for which stock options or awards may be granted pursuant to the 2013 Plan is 5,000,000, adjusted as provided in Section 11 of the 2013 Plan. No awards may be issued after December 1, 2015. The 2013 Plan was approved by a majority of the Company’s shareholders on February 13, 2013. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, options to purchase 44,700 and 44,967 shares of common stock respectively were outstanding to employees and 27,472 and 27,472 shares of common stock were outstanding to consultants of the Company, respectively.

On March 31, 2014, the Board of the Company approved the Company’s 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), which enables the Company to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, phantom stock and dividend equivalent rights to associates, directors, consultants, and advisors of the Company and its affiliates, and to improve the ability of the Company to attract, retain, and motivate individuals upon whom the Company’s sustained growth and financial success depend, by providing such persons with an opportunity to acquire or increase their proprietary interest in the Company. Stock options granted under the 2014 Plan may be non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options, within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, except that stock options granted to outside directors and any consultants or advisers providing services to the Company or an affiliate shall in all cases be non-qualified stock options. The option price must be at least 100% of the fair market value on the date of grant and if issued to a 10% or greater shareholder must be 110% of the fair market value on the date of the grant. The 2014 Plan is to be administered by the Board, which shall have discretion over the awards and grants thereunder. The aggregate maximum number of shares of common stock for which stock options or awards may be granted pursuant to the 2014 Plan is 5,000,000, adjusted as provided in Section 11 of the 2014 Plan. No awards may be issued after December 1, 2016. The 2014 Plan was approved by a majority of the Company’s shareholders on April 17, 2014. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, options to purchase 32,601 and 34,167 shares of common stock were outstanding to employees and 43,166 and 50,448 shares of common stock were outstanding to consultants of the Company, respectively.

On February 10, 2015, the Board of the Company approved the Company’s 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), which enables the Company to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, phantom stock and dividend equivalent rights to associates, directors, consultants, and advisors of the Company and its affiliates, and to improve the ability of the Company to attract, retain, and motivate individuals upon whom the Company’s sustained growth and financial success depend, by providing such persons with an opportunity to acquire or increase their proprietary interest in the Company. Stock options granted under the 2015 Plan may be non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options, within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, except that stock options granted to outside directors and any consultants or advisers providing services to the Company or an affiliate shall in all cases be non-qualified stock options. The option price must be at least 100% of the fair market value on the date of grant and if issued to a 10% or greater shareholder must be 110% of the fair market value on the date of the grant. The 2015 Plan is to be administered by the Board, which shall have discretion over the awards and grants thereunder. The aggregate maximum number of shares of common stock for which stock options or awards may be granted pursuant to the 2015 Plan is 5,000,000, adjusted as provided in Section 11 of the 2015 Plan. No awards may be issued after March 11, 2017. The 2015 Plan was approved by a majority of the Company’s shareholders on April 21, 2015. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, options to purchase 3,700 and 3,700 shares of common stock were outstanding to employees and 9,788 and 3,700 shares of common stock were outstanding to consultants of the Company, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, there were 0 securities available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan.

PREFERRED STOCK

SERIES A CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

On March 24, 2016, the Company issued 500,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock to the Company’s Chief Operating Officer in connection with his March 24, 2015 employment agreement. The $500,000 of aggregate fair value of the shares was recognized over the one year service period. The Company recognized $0 and $114,754 of stock-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to the award which is included within stock-based compensation on the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficiency.

The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock have a par value of $0.001 and are convertible into 2.5 shares of common stock for every Series A Convertible Preferred share so long as Series C Convertible Preferred Stock is outstanding. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has no redemption rights. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall have no liquidation preference so long as the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock shall be outstanding. Up until December 23, 2014 (the date of issuance of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock), the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock had five times the vote of a share of its common stock equivalent. At the point in time that the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock is no longer outstanding, the super voting rights are automatically reinstated.

See Note 13 – Related Parties for additional details.

SERIES B CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

On December 31, 2016, the Company received a notice of redemption from the creditors committee of the ECOtality estate to redeem 2,750 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock for $275,000. As of December 31, 2017, the redemption amount remained outstanding. The Company has the option to settle the redemption request by the repayment in cash or by the issuance of shares of common stock. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, the Company issued common stock in satisfaction of the liability. See Note 15 – Subsequent Events for details.

As of December 31, 2017, the liquidation preference for the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock amounted to $825,000.

SERIES C CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

On March 11, 2016, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a purchaser for gross proceeds of an aggregate of $2,900,040 (“Subscription Amount”), of which, $650,040 was paid to the Company at closing and the remaining $2,250,000 (“Milestone Amounts”) was payable to the Company upon the completion of certain milestones (“Milestones”), as specified in the agreement. Through December 30, 2016, based on the Company’s achievement of certain of the milestones prior to the June 24, 2016 deadline, net proceeds of an aggregate of $1,147,950 (gross proceeds of $1,267,160 less issuance costs of $197,160, of which, as of December 31, 2016, $149,658 had not been paid and was included within accrued expenses) of the Subscription Amount had been paid to the Company. See Note 6 – Accrued Expenses and Note 10 – Fair Value Measurement for additional details. As a result, the Company issued the following to the purchaser during the year ended December 31, 2016: (i) 21,120 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,017,047 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.00 per share with an issuance date fair value of $167,956 which was recorded as a derivative liability.

On March 11, 2016, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a purchaser for net proceeds of an aggregate of $85,285 (gross proceeds of $99,960 less issuance costs of $14,675, of which, as of December 31, 2016, $9,677 had not been paid and was included within accrued expenses). See Note 6 – Accrued Expenses and Note 10 – Fair Value Measurement for additional details. Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, the Company issued the following to the purchaser: (i) 1,666 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, and (ii) a five-year warrant to purchase 238,000 shares of common stock for an exercise price of $1.00 per share with an issuance date fair value of $10,458 which was recorded as a derivative liability.

On March 24, 2016, the Company issued 750 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock to the Company’s Chief Operating Officer in connection with his March 24, 2015 employment agreement. The $75,000 of aggregate fair value of the shares was recognized over the one-year service period. The Company recorded $17,213 of stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016, respectively, related to the award which is included within stock-based compensation on the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficiency.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued 444 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock with a fair value of $39,964 to the Company’s Executive Chairman of the Board in satisfaction of amounts previously owed, which is included within Series C convertible preferred stock issued as compensation to the Executive Chairman on the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficiency.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, 6,116 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock were issued as payment of dividends in kind. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate of 79,125 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock in satisfaction of aggregate liabilities of approximately $7,027,000 associated with the Company’s registration rights penalty, public information fee and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock dividends. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a dividend payable liability on the shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock of $1,892,800 and $1,150,100, respectively. See Note 6 – Accrued Expenses.

In the event of a liquidation, the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock is also entitled to a liquidation preference equal to the stated value plus any accrued and unpaid dividends, which, as of December 31, 2017, was equal to $24,847,900.

See elsewhere within this note and Note 15 – Subsequent Events for additional details.

COMMON STOCK

In March 2016, one of the former members of Beam returned 4,846 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company in exchange for cash of $45,000. The shares of common stock were cancelled by the Company in March 2016.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued 15,000 shares of common to the Company’s Chief Operating Officer in connection with his March 24, 2015 employment agreement. The $300,000 of aggregate fair value of the shares was recognized over the one-year service period. The Company recognized $68,852 of stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the award which is included within stock-based compensation on the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficiency.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued an aggregate of 6,962 shares of common stock to the Company’s Board of Directors as compensation for their attendance at various Board and OPFIN Committee meetings, of which, 3,883 shares were issued for 2016 meetings and 3,078 shares were issued for 2015 meetings. The shares had an aggregate grant date fair value of $65,982, of which, $35,924 was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2016 and is included within stock-based compensation on the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficiency and $30,058 was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015 and was included within stock-based compensation on the consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ deficiency as of December 31, 2015.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate of 21,166 shares of common stock as partial satisfaction of certain liabilities associated with certain professional and other consulting fee agreements.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued 10,000 shares of common stock to a director with an issuance date fair value of $90,000, which was recognized immediately.

See elsewhere within this note and Note 13 – Related Parties for additional details.

EXCHANGE OF WARRANTS AND SERIES C CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company sent out letters to various holders of warrants and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock that contained an offer for the holder to (i) exchange their existing warrants for common stock of the Company and (ii) exchange their existing Series C Preferred Stock for common stock of the Company. The holders agreed to (i) exchange warrants to purchase an aggregate of 92,176 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $35.00 per share for an aggregate of 90,926 shares of common stock (the “Warrant Exchange”) and (ii) exchange an aggregate of 12,678 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock for common stock based upon a formula defined in the agreement (the “Series C Preferred Stock Exchange”). On August 25, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate of 90,926 shares of common stock in connection with the Warrant Exchange. The Warrant Exchange is effective immediately and the Series C Preferred Stock Exchange is effective upon the closing of the public offering (collectively defined as a public offering of securities to raise up to $20,000,000 and to list the Company’s shares of common stock on the NASDAQ). The Series C Preferred Stock shall be exchanged for common stock using the following formula: the number of shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock owned multiplied by a factor of 115 and divided by 80% of the price per share of common stock sold in the in the public offering. Certain holders also agreed to not, without prior written consent of the underwriter, sell or otherwise transfer any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into common stock for a period of 270 days from the effective date of the Series C Preferred Stock Exchange.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company entered into agreements with certain warrant holders to exchange warrants to purchase an aggregate of 180,733 shares of common stock with an approximate value on the date of exchange of $0.6 million for an aggregate of 180,733 shares of common stock with an approximate value on the date of exchange of $3.0 million. As a result, the Company recorded a loss on inducement expense of approximately $2.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the exchange.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate of 710,841 shares of common stock in exchange for warrants to purchase an aggregate of 726,704 shares of common stock

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to preferred stock, common stock, stock options and warrants for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 of $3,144,804 and $784,457, respectively, which is included within compensation expense on the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2017, there was no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense.

WARRANT AND OPTION VALUATION

The Company has computed the fair value of certain warrants and options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Option forfeitures are estimated at the time of valuation and reduce expense ratably over the vesting period. This estimate will be adjusted periodically based on the extent to which actual option forfeitures differ, or are expected to differ, from the previous estimate, when it is material. The Company estimated forfeitures related to option grants at an annual rate of 0% for options granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The expected term used for warrants and options issued to non-employees is usually the contractual life and the expected term used for options issued to employees and directors is the estimated period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The Company utilizes the “simplified” method to develop an estimate of the expected term of “plain vanilla” employee option grants. The Company is utilizing an expected volatility figure based on a review of the historical volatility of the Company over a period of time equivalent to the expected life of the instrument being valued. The risk-free interest rate was determined from the implied yields from U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with a remaining term consistent with the expected term of the instrument being valued.

STOCK OPTIONS

In accordance with the agreements of the respective non-employee members of the Board of the Directors, in addition to a cash fee, the Company is required to issue an option to purchase 100 shares of common stock for each Board meeting and each committee meeting of the Board of Directors. The options vest in two years from the date of issuance, expire five years from the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $0.50 above the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued options to purchase 1,400 shares of the Company’s common under the 2015 Plan at exercise prices ranging from $15.50 to $16.50 per share to members of the Board of Directors as compensation for attending Board meetings during the time.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued five-year options to purchase 1,200 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $7.50 to $24.50 per share to a member of the Board of Directors as compensation for attending meetings of the OPFIN Committee. The options vested immediately and had a grant date fair value of $10,446, which was recognized immediately.

The weighted average estimated fair value of the options granted during year ended December 31, 2016 was $3.50 per share. There were no options granted during the year ended December 31, 2017.

In applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model to stock options granted, the Company used the following assumptions:

A summary of the option activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 is presented below:

The following table presents information related to stock options at December 31, 2017:

STOCK WARRANTS

See Note 8 – Notes Payable, Note 6 – Accrued Expenses, Note 10 – Fair Value Measurement, Note 15 – Subsequent Events and elsewhere within this note for additional details.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company agreed to extend the maturity date of warrants to purchase an aggregate of 51,800 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $112.50 per share by eighteen (18) months in exchange for the warrant holders’ consent to rescind a fundamental transactions provision. As a result, the Company recorded warrant modification expense of $6,838 during the year ended December 31, 2016.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded warrant modification expense of $457 related to the extension of the expiration date of warrants to purchase 500 shares of common stock.

On August 4, 2017, the Company issued five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 48,023 shares of common stock to our Chief Executive Officer in connection with his employment agreement. The warrants vest immediately and have exercise prices ranging from $35.00 to $150.00 per share. The warrants had an issuance date fair value of $767,896, which was recorded as a compensation expense.

On August 29, 2017, a company in which the Company’s Executive Chairman has a controlling interest exercised warrants to purchase 3,100,000 shares of common stock on a cashless basis and received 2,990,404 shares of common stock. The warrants contained a provision in their agreement such that they were not impacted by the Reverse Split. As a result, since the exercised warrants were previously classified as a derivative liability, the Company recorded a mark-to-market adjustment during the years ended December 31, 2017 of approximately $43.9 million which was included within change in fair value of warrant liabilities on the consolidated statement of operations.

On November 20, 2017, JMJ confirmed in writing that they would not pursue a price reset of their outstanding warrants as a result of the August 29, 2017 exercise of certain warrants that were not impacted by the Reverse Split.

The following table accounts for the Company’s warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2017:

The following table presents information related to stock warrants at December 31, 2017: